Volte roaming using general purpose packet data access

ABSTRACT

A user equipment (e.g., mobile device) can determine whether a first mobile code stored on the user equipment matches a second mobile code received from a mobile network to which the user equipment is connected. In response to a determination indicating that the first mobile code and the second mobile code match, the user equipment can activate a Wi-Fi calling module on the user equipment to connect to an evolved packet data gateway device in the mobile network that is used for routing voice over internet protocol packets. In response to a dialed number being determined not to relate to an emergency call, the user equipment can initiate the call via a Wi-Fi calling module, and transmit a voice over internet protocol packet related to the call via a cellular data connection to the evolved packet data gateway device.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present application relates generally to the field of wirelesscommunication and, more specifically, to transmission of voice overinternet protocol packets over a cellular data connection.

BACKGROUND

Cellular communications technology, including radio access technology,has grown rapidly and evolved since the launch of analog cellularsystems in the 1980s, starting from the First Generation (1G) in 1980s,Second Generation (2G) in 1990s, Third Generation (3G) in 2000s, andFourth Generation (4G) in 2010s (including Long Term Evolution (LTE) andvariants of LTE).

Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) is a protocol suite for secureInternet Protocol (IP) communications that authenticates and encryptseach IP packet of a communication session, and can include integrityprotection as well as confidentiality protection. Voice over LTE (VoLTE)service employs the use of IPsec confidentiality protection on the SIPsignaling between the user equipment (UE) (e.g., smartphone) and amobile provider's (e.g., AT&T's) IP Multimedia Subsystem, also known asIP Multimedia Core Network Subsystem (IMS) Core. The IMS core is anarchitectural framework for delivering IP multimedia services, andincludes an S8 home-routed (S8HR) architecture for VoLTE roaming, whichwas introduced in 2017. In the S8HR architecture, which is a recognizedarchitecture for VoLTE Roaming by Groupe Spéciale Mobile Association(GSMA) and is used in many parts of the world, the P-CSCF is in the homenetwork of the wireless user (e.g., the user's user equipment). In thecase of an international roaming UE that uses S8HR to make and receiveVoLTE calls, the session initiated protocol (SIP) message is encryptedfrom the UE in country “X” to the P-CSCF in the United States. Anattempt to perform a lawful intercept by governmental agencies incountry X would fail to provide the call details in the SIP messagesbecause the SIP messages would be encrypted everywhere across thevisited LTE network in country X.

However, this encryption violates legal requirements in certaincountries where the government demands that lawful interception ofcellular voice be provided without encryption, such that the governmentwould be able to access details of the message. The solution currentlydocumented in 3GPP standards requires the home network provider todisable IPSec Confidentiality Protection when a customer is using VoLTEservice with the S8HR roaming architecture. This allows the visited LTEnetwork provider to intercept the SIP messages in clear text form andprovide the call details to its Government agencies. The problem is thatthis 3GPP solution exposes AT&T and its VoLTE roamers to security andfraud risks when they are outside of the United States. It also puts theVoLTE service at a disadvantage to “Over-the-Top” (OTT) voice over IP(VoIP) applications that are free to use IPsec or other methods thatprovide security to callers.

The above-described background relating to wireless networks is merelyintended to provide a contextual overview of some current issues and isnot intended to be exhaustive. Other contextual information may becomefurther apparent upon review of the following detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the subject disclosureare described with reference to the following figures, wherein likereference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various viewsunless otherwise specified.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communication system having anetwork node device (also referred to herein as a network node) and userequipment (UE), in accordance with various aspects and exampleembodiments of the subject disclosure.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example voice over long term evolution (VoLTE)call through a mobile network, in accordance with various aspects andexample embodiments of the subject disclosure.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example Wi-Fi call through a Wi-Fi access point,in accordance with various aspects and example embodiments of thesubject disclosure.

FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of example modules of a UE, inaccordance with various aspects and example embodiments of the subjectdisclosure.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a VoIP call placed using a Wi-Ficalling client, in accordance with various aspects and exampleembodiments of the subject disclosure.

FIG. 6 illustrates example operations that can be performed by a UE fordetermining whether to use a Wi-Fi calling client to connect through anLTE cellular data connection, in accordance with various aspects andexample embodiments of the subject disclosure.

FIG. 7 illustrates example operations for placing a call based on adetermination as to whether the call was an emergency call, inaccordance with various aspects and example embodiments of the subjectdisclosure.

FIG. 8 illustrates example operations that can be performed by a userequipment, in accordance with various aspects and example embodiments ofthe subject disclosure.

FIG. 9 illustrates another example of operations that can be performedby a user equipment, in accordance with various aspects and exampleembodiments of the subject disclosure.

FIG. 10 illustrates another example of operations that can be performedby a user equipment, in accordance with various aspects and exampleembodiments of the subject disclosure.

FIG. 11 illustrates a block diagram of an example mobile handset thatcan execute processes and methods, in accordance with various aspectsand embodiments of the subject disclosure.

FIG. 12 illustrates a block diagram of an example computer that canexecute processes and methods, in accordance with various aspects andembodiments of the subject disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The subject disclosure is now described with reference to the drawings,wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elementsthroughout. The following description and the annexed drawings set forthin detail certain illustrative aspects of the subject matter. However,these aspects are indicative of but a few of the various ways in whichthe principles of the subject matter can be employed. Other aspects,advantages, and novel features of the disclosed subject matter willbecome apparent from the following detailed description when consideredin conjunction with the provided drawings. In the following description,for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth inorder to provide a more thorough understanding of the subjectdisclosure. It may be evident, however, that the subject disclosure canbe practiced without these specific details. In other instances,structures and devices are shown in block diagram form to facilitatedescribing the subject disclosure.

The methods and operations (e.g., processes and logic flows) describedin this specification can be performed by devices (e.g., networkmanagement device, gateway device, etc.) comprising programmableprocessors that execute machine executable instructions (e.g., computerprogram product, computer-readable instructions, software, softwareprograms, software applications, software modules, etc.) to facilitateperformance of the operations described herein.

The present application relates to the implementation of a hybridbetween VoLTE and Wi-Fi Calling. Typically, over-the-top (OTT) VoIPapplications (e.g., as offered by Skype, Google Voice) rely on theInternet to deliver packets on a “best effort” basis (e.g., no qualityof service (QoS) associated with the best effort traffic). VoLTE, on theother hand, uses the IMS (and new radio (NR) in the case of 5G) accessnetwork features to ensure low latency, improved error correction infringe areas, and other features that maintain a guaranteed level ofvoice (e.g., maintains a QoS). In example embodiments, a user equipment(UE) that supports both VoLTE and Wi-Fi calling comprises a module thatenables the UE to receive an MCC (mobile country code) in the publicland mobile network (PLMN) identification (ID) being obtained from anLTE broadcast channel of a visited network prior to initiating an IMSaccess point name (APN) connection with the packet core of a mobilesystem. In example embodiments, the UE (or subscriber identificationmodule (SIM) card inserted into the UE) can be pre-provisioned tocontain a table of MCC values for countries where S8HR VoLTE roamingwith IPsec confidentiality protection enabled is not allowed, or whereVoLTE roaming is not allowed. If the UE checks the broadcast MCC (e.g.,signal being broadcast to the UE contains a country identifier) and itmatches an MCC code value in the table entry, the UE can be operable tonot initiate a VoLTE call, e.g., initiate an IMS APN session creationrequest to the Packet Core. Instead the UE would leverage the Wi-Ficalling client to establish connectivity to the IMS core via theInternet. The device would use the general-purpose LTE data APN toaccess the Internet. With internet access it could reach the evolvedpacket data gateway (ePDG) used for routing Wi-Fi calls to the IMS core,and follow the standard flow for Wi-Fi calling after that. It wouldresemble a Wi-Fi calling customer in almost every way, except that theUE would be using LTE data versus Wi-Fi to reach the IMS core. By usingthis approach, the legal requirements would not apply since the UE wouldbe making VoIP calls over the Internet in much the same way as any OTTVoIP application. The visited network would not be providing standardVoLTE IMS QoS or IMS APN access. It would just be providing LTE packetdata service for AT&T roamers. In other words, the voice service beingused would not meet the 3GPP and GSMA standard definition of VoLTE andwould not need fall under the same restrictions.

In addition to enabling a secure form of communication that does notviolate a foreign country's laws, the example embodiments of the presentapplication also address the hundreds of instances in which mobileoperators that have LTE roaming agreements with an LTE partner network,but do not have an IMS or VoLTE roaming agreement with the partner. Inthese situations, if a user makes a phone call while using the partnerLTE network, the UE would be forced to use a 3G network to complete thecall. Additionally, there are roaming partners that have only an LTEagreement, but do not have 3G. If these partners do not have 3G roaming,and also do not have a VoLTE roaming agreement, then smart phones cannotmake calls with that partner; having a UE that is enabled to use acellular LTE data to carry VoIP traffic initiated by the Wi-Fi callingclient of the UE to reach the IMS core would also address thissituation. As such, in accordance with the present application, if theUE checks the broadcast mobile network code MNC (e.g., signal beingbroadcast to the UE that identifies the mobile network) and it matchesan MNC code value in the table entry, the UE can likewise leverage theWi-Fi calling client to establish connectivity to the IMS core via theInternet.

FIG. 1 illustrates some example components of a typical wirelesscommunication system 100 (also referred to as wireless system 100,mobile system 100, mobile communications system 100). In exampleembodiments (also referred to as non-limiting embodiments), wirelesscommunications system 100 can comprise a mobile (also referred to ascellular) network 106, which can comprise one or more mobile networkstypically operated by communication service providers. The wirelesscommunication system 100 can also comprise one or more user equipment(UE) 102 _(1-N) (also referred to as UE 102). UE 102 _(1-N) cancommunicate with one another via one or more network node devices (alsoreferred to as network nodes) 104 _(1-N) (referred to as network node104 in the singular) of the mobile network 106. The dashed arrow linesfrom the network nodes 104 _(1-N) to the UE 102 _(1-N) representdownlink (DL) communications and the solid arrow lines from the UE 102_(1-N) to the network nodes 104 _(1-N) represent uplink (UL)communications.

UE 102 can comprise, for example, any type of device that cancommunicate with mobile network 106, as well as other networks (seebelow). The UE 102 can have one or more antenna panels having verticaland horizontal elements. Examples of a UE 102 comprise a target device,device to device (D2D) UE, machine type UE, or UE capable of machine tomachine (M2M) communications, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablet,mobile terminal, smart phone, laptop mounted equipment (LME), universalserial bus (USB) dongles enabled for mobile communications, a computerhaving mobile capabilities, a mobile device such as cellular phone, adual mode mobile handset, a laptop having laptop embedded equipment(LEE, such as a mobile broadband adapter), a tablet computer having amobile broadband adapter, a wearable device, a virtual reality (VR)device, a heads-up display (HUD) device, a machine-type communication(MTC) device, internet of things (IoT) device, cellular to vehicleeverything (C-V2X) device, and the like.

Mobile network 106 can include various types of disparate networksimplementing various transmission protocols, including but not limitedto cellular networks, femto networks, picocell networks, microcellnetworks, internet protocol (IP) networks, and the like. For example, inat least one implementation, wireless communications system 100 can beor can include a large-scale wireless communication network that spansvarious geographic areas, and comprise various additional devices andcomponents (e.g., additional network devices, additional UEs, networkserver devices, etc.).

Still referring to FIG. 1, mobile network 106 can employ variouscellular systems, technologies, and modulation schemes to facilitatewireless radio communications between devices (e.g., the UE 102 and thenetwork node 104). While example embodiments might be described for 5GNew Radio (NR) systems, the embodiments can be applicable to any radioaccess technology (RAT) or multi-RAT system where the UE operates usingmultiple carriers. For example, wireless communications system 100 canbe of any variety, and operate in accordance with standards, protocols(also referred to as schemes), and network architectures, including butnot limited to: global system for mobile communications (GSM), 3GSM, GSMEnhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (GSM EDGE) radio access network(GERAN), Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS), GeneralPacket Radio Service (GPRS), Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO), DigitalEnhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT), Digital AMPS (IS-136/TDMA),Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (iDEN), Long Term Evolution (LTE),LTE Frequency Division Duplexing (LTE FDD), LTE time division duplexing(LTE TDD), Time Division LTE (TD-LTE), LTE Advanced (LTE-A), TimeDivision LTE Advanced (TD-LTE-A), Advanced eXtended Global Platform(AXGP), High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA), Wideband CDMA (WCMDA), CDMA2000, Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Multi-carrier CodeDivision Multiple Access (MC-CDMA), Single-carrier Code DivisionMultiple Access (SC-CDMA), Single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), OrthogonalFrequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Discrete Fourier TransformSpread OFDM (DFT-spread OFDM), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), FilterBank Based Multi-carrier (FBMC), zero tail DFT-spread-OFDM (ZTDFT-s-OFDM), Unique Word OFDM (UW-OFDM), Unique Word DFT-spread OFDM (UWDFT-Spread-OFDM), Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), resource-block-filteredOFDM, Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM), Fixed-mobileConvergence (FMC), Universal Fixed-mobile Convergence (UFMC), MultiRadio Bearers (RAB), Wi-Fi, Worldwide Interoperability for MicrowaveAccess (WiMax), and the like.

Still referring to FIG. 1, in example embodiments, UE 102 can becommunicatively coupled (or in other words, connected) to a network node104 of the mobile network 106. Network node 104 can have a cabinet andother protected enclosures, an antenna mast, and multiple antennas forperforming various transmission operations (e.g., MIMO operations). Eachnetwork node 104 can serve several cells, also called sectors, dependingon the configuration and type of antenna. Network node 104 can compriseNodeB devices, base station (BS) devices, mobile stations, access point(AP) devices, and radio access network (RAN) devices. Network node 104can also include multi-standard radio (MSR) radio node devices,including but not limited to: an MSR BS, an eNode B device (e.g.,evolved NodeB), a network controller, a radio network controller (RNC),a base station controller (BSC), a relay device, a base transceiverstation (BTS), an access point, a transmission point (TP), atransmission/receive point (TRP), a transmission node, a remote radiounit (RRU), a remote radio head (RRH), nodes in distributed antennasystem (DAS), and the like. In 5G terminology, the network node isreferred to by some as a gNodeB (gNB) device, which provides NR userplane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE, andconnects to the 5G core.

FIG. 2, describes example components involved in the pathway of atypical VoLTE roaming call. Referring to an uplink communication, a UE102 initiates a communication with a network node 104. The network node104 routes VoLTE traffic packets to a serving gateway (SGW) (SGW 205),which in turn routes the traffic, using an IMS APN, to a packet datanetwork gateway (PGW) (PGW 310). From the PGW, the packets are routed tothe IMS core (IMS core 215, and more specifically to a proxy CallSession Control Function (P-CSCF) component (e.g., device or devicesimplementing software) within the IMS core.

Still referring to FIG. 2, in a VoIP call in which there are no lawspreventing encrypted VoLTE calls, the packets communicated from the UEto the IMS core are protected using, for example, IPSec, which asmentioned above, is a protocol suite for secure IP communications thatauthenticates and encrypts each IP packet of a communication session,and can include integrity protection and confidentiality protection.Voice over LTE (VoLTE) service employs the use of IPsec confidentialityprotection on the SIP signaling between the UE 102 and the IMS core.

As shown in FIG. 2, government entities of some foreign countriestypically attempt to intercept VoLTE transmissions between the SGW andthe PGW. If the VoLTE communications are protected (e.g., by IPSec),then they will not be able to access (e.g., decrypt) thesecommunications. As such, the governments of some of these countries haveenacted laws forbidding the encryption of VoLTE communications. Suchlaws, although having the intent of providing transparency incommunications capable of being monitored by the government, can exposethese communications to other wrongdoers. Additionally, these laws donot apply to Over the Top (OTT) voice over IP (VoIP) communications, soservices that use a VoIP application to enable calls (e.g., Skype) wouldhave a security advantage over VoLTE providers.

Moving to FIG. 3, in a typical Wi-Fi call, a UE (e.g., UE 102) insteadof communicating through a mobile provider's network node (e.g., networknode 104), but through a Wi-Fi access point (WAP) (e.g., WAP 305), whichcan comprise a Wi-Fi router connected to, for example, a fixed networksuch as an Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) or cablebroadband network (e.g., a cable broadband network that operatesaccording to the Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification(DOCSIS) standard). With a typical Wi-Fi call, VoIP packets would besent via a Wi-Fi access point through the internet to the evolved packetdata gateway (e.g., ePDG 310), and then routed to the IMS core 215(e.g., via a PGW IMS APN). With a Wi-Fi call, the IP packets that aretransmitted contain voice, but, as mentioned above, do not have a QoSassociated with them (e.g., are “best effort” traffic). If a UE hasWi-Fi calling enabled, and if the device is connected via a WAP, thenthe UE can make a call through the WAP. This can offload some of thetraffic from a mobile network to a fixed network (e.g., ADSL, or DOCSISnetwork). UEs, in accordance with example embodiments herein, can beconfigured to make a Wi-Fi call first, before attempts to make any othercall, if Wi-Fi calling is enabled on the UE.

FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram showing a UE 102 having a VoLTEclient module 405, a Wi-Fi calling client module 410, and a hybridcalling module 415, in accordance with example embodiments of thepresent application. The UE 102 running the VoLTE client module 405 canmake voice calls over an LTE network, as described above with respect toFIG. 2. The UE 102 running the Wi-Fi calling client module 410 can makeVoIP Wi-Fi calls via a Wi-Fi access point, as described above in FIG. 3.The hybrid calling module 415 can facilitate determining when to use theWi-Fi calling client module 410, and then facilitate using the Wi-Ficalling client module 410 to establish a connection to make VoIP callsover an LTE cellular data connection, as will be described furtherbelow.

FIG. 5 shows an example embodiment of a system that uses cellular LTEdata to carry VoIP traffic initiated using the Wi-Fi calling clientmodule 410 of a UE 102 (e.g., UE 102 as shown in FIG. 4) to reach theIMS core 215, in accordance with example embodiments of the presentapplication. In example embodiments, the UE 102 can use the hybridcalling module 415 to determine whether a mobile code (e.g., mobilecountry code (MCC), or mobile network code (MNC)) stored on the device(e.g., in repository, comprising, for example, a memory on the device oron a SIM card) is applicable to voice calls made from the device. Theapplicability of the mobile code can based upon a location of the mobiledevice (for example, if the broadcast mobile country code (MCC) from themobile network matches an MCC code value in the table entry identifyingthe country associated with that MCC as having laws that do not allowfor VoLTE encryption), or it can be based on whether the mobile networkis contracted to allow VoLTE roaming calls from the UE 102 and whetherthe mobile network is capable of 3G roaming In response to determiningthat the MCC or MNC is applicable to the voice calls, the UE 102 canactivate the Wi-Fi calling client module 410 to connect to a packet datagateway device in the mobile network that is used for routing of VoIPpackets (e.g., as described below with respect to FIG. 5). If the callis not an emergency call (discussed further below), then the VoIPpackets related to the call can be transmitted to the network node(e.g., network node 104), which can be an eNodeB in LTE terms. Thenetwork node 104 can route the VoIP packets to the SGW 205, which canthen route the VoIP packets (e.g., using the LTE general data APN to getto the PGW), and from the PGW, the packets can be routed by the PGW 210to the ePDG 310. The PGW can comprise software modules that, whenexecuted, recognized the transmitted packets as VoIP packets, and routesthe packets to the ePDG. Once the VoIP packets reach the ePDG 310, theVoIP packets proceed to the IMS core 215 in the same fashion as VoIPpackets that were routed through a Wi-Fi access point 305. Thus, thecall would have the appearance of a Wi-Fi call, but the call is notrouted through the Wi-Fi access point 305, but instead is routed usingan LTE cellular data connection.

FIG. 6 depicts a flow chart depicting example operations 600 that can beperformed by the UE 102 (e.g., using the hybrid calling module 415, theVoLTE client module 405, and the Wi-Fi calling client module 410). Atblock 605, the UE attaches itself to the mobile network (e.g., a mobilenetwork that might be located in another country). The UE can, at step610, attempt to establish an IMS APN over LTE (e.g., establish an LTEcellular data connection) so that it can make a traditional VoLTE call(e.g., as described above with respect to FIG. 2). If an IMS APN iscreated, the call proceeds to block 615 wherein the default logic tomake a VoLTE call (e.g., VoLTE client module 405) can be used. If an IMSAPN is not created, then at block 620, the UE 102 can determine whetheran MCC/MNC is applicable. If the broadcast MCC/MNC matches an MCC/MNCstored on the device (e.g., repository 420 in the device memory or a SIMcard in the device), this would mean that the device is operating in acountry requiring unencrypted calls VoLTE calls. If the MNC matches,this would mean that the mobile network partner does not have a roamingagreement with the UE's originating mobile provider, and also does nothave 3G roaming In either of these circumstances, the UE can at block625 activate its Wi-Fi calling client module 410 and connect to the IMScore 215 via ePDG 310. From here, the operations can move to FIG. 7.

In FIG. 7, the UE 102 at block 705 of example operations 700 accepts adialed phone number (dialed number associated with the party that theuser of the UE 102 is trying to call) that has been input (e.g., dialed)into the UE 102. Before the UE uses the Wi-Fi calling client to make avoice call over the LTE data connection, it at block 710 analyzes thedialed number and determines whether it is an emergency number. Inresponse to a determination that the dialed number is an emergencynumber, then at step 715 the UE can attempt a call using the defaultmethod (e.g., placing a call using the SOS APN (e.g., SOS being theinternational code signal for distress and appeal for help) and VoLTEclient module 405, or Circuit-Switched routing via a Mobile SwitchingCenter (MSC)). If the dialed number is not an emergency number, then atblock 720, the UE can use the Wi-Fi calling client module 410 to attempta call via the LTE data connection to the ePDG 310. Once the call hasbeen placed, the UE can begin to send VoIP packets via the LTE dataconnection.

In each of the example operations described above, and below in FIGS.8-10, steps, blocks, features, or aspects can be substituted or combinedwith other steps, blocks, features, or aspects, unless context warrantsthat such combinations or substitutions are not possible. Further, if astep, block, feature, or aspect is not described with respect to exampleoperations, this does not mean that the feature, step, or aspect isincompatible or impossible with respect to those example operations. Assuch, the example operations of the present application described aboveand below are not necessarily limited to the steps, features, or aspectsthat are described with respect to those example operations.

FIG. 8 illustrates a flow diagram of example operations 800 that can beperformed by a device (e.g., UE 102) comprising a processor and a memorythat stores executable instructions that, when executed by theprocessor, facilitate performance of operations 800. At block 810, theexample operations can comprise determining by the device, whether amobile country code (e.g., MCC) stored on the device (e.g., in arepository 420, which can be in the device's memory, or in the SIMcard's memory) is applicable to voice calls (e.g., VoLTE calls, whereinthe voice packets have a quality of service (QoS) associated with them)made from the UE, wherein the applicability of the mobile country codeis based on a location of the device, and wherein the mobile countrycode relates to a country that forbids encryption of voice calls (e.g.,VoLTE calls) transmitted via a mobile network (e.g., mobile network 106,which can be an LTE network). The location of the device can be based ona country identifier broadcasted by the mobile network (e.g., abroadcasted MCC). Determining whether the mobile country code stored onthe device is applicable to the voice calls made from the UE cancomprises determining whether the mobile country code matches thecountry identifier (e.g., whether the MCC stored on the device, ordevice's SIM card, matches the broadcasted MCC).

At block 820, the example operations 800 can comprise, in response tothe determining indicating that the mobile country code is applicable tothe voice calls, activating, by the UE, a Wi-Fi calling module (e.g.,Wi-Fi calling client module 410) on the device to connect to an evolvedpacket data gateway device (e.g., ePDG 310) in the mobile network thatis used for routing of voice over internet protocol packets (e.g., VoIPpackets that are routed with “best effort”).

The example operations 800 can further comprise receiving, by thedevice, an input of a dialed number associated with a call to be placedfrom the device. The example operations 800 can further comprise,determining, by the device, whether the dialed number relates to anemergency call. In response to the dialed number being determined not torelate the emergency call, the device can initiate the call via theWi-Fi calling module, and transmit a voice over internet protocol packetrelated to the call via a cellular data connection established with themobile network. The voice over internet protocol packet is encryptedaccording to an internet protocol security standard (e.g., IPSec). Thevoice over internet protocol packet can be transmitted via a servinggateway device (e.g., SGW 205) of the mobile network. The servinggateway device can route the voice over internet protocol packet to apacket data network gateway (e.g., PGW 210) device of the mobilenetwork. The packet data network gateway device can route the voice overinternet protocol packet to the evolved packet data gateway device(e.g., ePDG 310). The packet data gateway device can route the voiceover internet protocol packet to an internet protocol multimediasubsystem core network device (e.g., IMS core 215, and morespecifically, a P-CSCF device) within the mobile network.

FIG. 9 illustrates a flow diagram of example operations 900 that can beperformed by a device (e.g., UE 102) comprising a processor and a memorythat stores executable instructions that, when executed by theprocessor, facilitate performance of operations 900.

The example operations 900 at block 910 can comprise determining whethera first mobile code stored on the device matches a second mobile codereceived from a mobile network (e.g., mobile network 106) to which thedevice is connected. A match of the first mobile code (e.g., MNC storedon the device, such as repository 420 of the device or of the device'sSIM card) and the second mobile code (e.g., broadcasted MNC from themobile network) can be indicative of an absence of a roaming agreementthat allows voice over long term evolution (LTE) network calls, andfurther indicative of a lack of a provision of roaming connections usinga third-generation cellular connection (e.g., 3G connection). A match ofthe first mobile code (e.g., MCC stored on the device, such asrepository 420 of the device or of the device's SIM card) and the secondmobile code (e.g., broadcasted MCC from the mobile network) can also beindicative of the device being in a country that forbids encryption ofvoice calls (e.g., VoLTE calls) transmitted via the mobile network.

At block 920, the example operations 900 can further comprise, inresponse to the determining indicating that the first mobile code andthe second mobile code match, activating a Wi-Fi calling module (e.g.,Wi-Fi calling client module 410) on the device to connect to an evolvedpacket data gateway device in the mobile network that is used forrouting voice over internet protocol packets.

The example operations 900 can further comprise, at block 930, receivingan input of a dialed number associated with a call to be placed from thedevice.

At block 940, the example operations 900 can comprise, in response tothe dialed number being determined not to relate to an emergency call,initiating the call via the Wi-Fi calling module.

The example operations 900 can further comprise, at block 950,transmitting a voice over internet protocol packet related to the callvia a cellular data connection to the evolved packet data gatewaydevice. The voice over internet protocol packet can be encryptedaccording to an internet protocol security standard (e.g., IPSec). Thevoice over internet protocol packet can be transmitted via a servinggateway device (e.g., SGW 205) of the mobile network. The servinggateway device can route the voice over internet protocol packet to apacket data network gateway (e.g., PGW 210) device of the mobilenetwork. The packet data network gateway device can route the voice overinternet protocol packet to the evolved packet data gateway device(e.g., ePDG 310). The packet data gateway device can route the voiceover internet protocol packet to an internet protocol multimediasubsystem core network device (e.g., IMS core 215, and morespecifically, a P-CSCF device) within the mobile network.

FIG. 10 illustrates a flow diagram of example operations 1000 that canbe performed by a device (e.g., UE 102) comprising a processor and amachine-readable storage medium (e.g., memory) that stores executableinstructions that, when executed by the processor, facilitateperformance of operations 1000.

The example operations 1000 at block 1010 can comprise, based on adetermination that a mobile country code stored in the device isapplicable to voice calls made from the device via a mobile network,activating a Wi-Fi calling module (e.g., Wi-Fi calling client module410) of the device to connect to an internet protocol multimediasubsystem core device via an evolved packet data gateway device. Thedetermination that the mobile country code is applicable to the voicecalls made from the device is indicative of the device being in acountry that forbids encryption of voice calls (e.g., VoLTE calls)transmitted via the mobile network. The determination that the mobilecountry code is applicable can be based on a match of the mobile countrycode with a broadcasted country indicator associated with the mobilenetwork. As an example, a match of the first mobile code (e.g., MCCstored on the device, such as repository 420 of the device or of thedevice's SIM card) and the second mobile code (e.g., broadcasted MCCfrom the mobile network) can also be indicative of the device being in acountry that forbids encryption of voice calls (e.g., VoLTE calls)transmitted via the mobile network. The mobile country code can bestored in the repository with mobile country codes associated withcountries in which encryption of voice calls is against a law of thecountries.

The example operations 1000 at block 1020 can comprise receiving aninput of a dialed number associated with a call to be placed from thedevice.

At block 1030, the example operations 1000 can further comprise, inresponse to a determination that the dialed number does not relate to anemergency call, initiating the call using the Wi-Fi calling module.

The example operations 1000 can further comprise, transmitting a voiceover internet protocol packet related to the call via a cellular dataconnection established with the mobile network. The cellular dataconnection can comprise a long term evolution connection and the mobilenetwork can comprise a long term evolution network. The voice overinternet protocol packet can be encrypted in accordance with an internetprotocol security standard (e.g., IPSec). The voice over internetprotocol packet can be transmitted via a serving gateway device (e.g.,SGW 205) of the mobile network. The serving gateway device can route thevoice over internet protocol packet to a packet data network gateway(e.g., PGW 210) device of the mobile network. The packet data networkgateway device can route the voice over internet protocol packet to theevolved packet data gateway device (e.g., ePDG 310). The packet datagateway device can route the voice over internet protocol packet to aninternet protocol multimedia subsystem core network device (e.g., IMScore 215, and more specifically, a P-CSCF device) within the mobilenetwork.

Referring now to FIG. 11, illustrated is a schematic block diagram of auser equipment (e.g., UE 102, etc.) that can be a mobile device (e.g.,handset) 1100 capable of connecting to a network and performing theoperations in accordance with some embodiments described herein.Although a mobile handset 1100 is illustrated herein, it will beunderstood that the mobile device can be other devices as well, and thatthe mobile handset 1100 is merely illustrated to provide context for theembodiments of the various embodiments described herein. The followingdiscussion is intended to provide a brief, general description of anexample of a suitable environment in which the various embodiments canbe implemented. While the description includes a general context ofcomputer-executable instructions embodied on a machine-readable storagemedium, those skilled in the art will recognize that the innovation alsocan be implemented in combination with other program modules and/or as acombination of hardware and software.

Generally, applications (e.g., program modules) can include routines,programs, components, data structures, etc., that perform particulartasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, thoseskilled in the art will appreciate that the methods described herein canbe practiced with other system configurations, includingsingle-processor or multiprocessor systems, minicomputers, mainframecomputers, as well as personal computers, hand-held computing devices,microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, and the like,each of which can be operatively coupled to one or more associateddevices.

A computing device, including mobile handset 1100, can typically includea variety of machine-readable media. Machine-readable media can be anyavailable media that can be accessed by the computer and includes bothvolatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media. Byway of example and not limitation, computer-readable media can comprisecomputer storage media and communication media. Computer storage mediacan include volatile and/or non-volatile media, removable and/ornon-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storageof information, such as computer-readable instructions, data structures,program modules or other data. Computer storage media can include, butis not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memorytechnology, CD ROM, digital video disk (DVD) or other optical diskstorage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage orother magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used tostore the desired information and which can be accessed by the computer.

Communication media typically embodies computer-readable instructions,data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated datasignal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and includesany information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means asignal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed insuch a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example,and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as awired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such asacoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of the anyof the above should also be included within the scope ofcomputer-readable media.

The mobile handset 1100 includes a processor 1102 for controlling andprocessing all onboard operations and functions. A memory 1104interfaces to the processor 1102 for storage of data and one or moreapplications 1106 (e.g., a video player software, user feedbackcomponent software, etc.). Other applications can include voicerecognition of predetermined voice commands that facilitate initiationof the user feedback signals. The applications 1106 can be stored in thememory 1104 and/or in a firmware 1108, and executed by the processor1102 from either or both the memory 1104 or/and the firmware 1108. Thefirmware 1108 can also store startup code for execution in initializingthe handset 1100. A communications component 1110 interfaces to theprocessor 1102 to facilitate wired/wireless communication with externalsystems, e.g., cellular networks, VoIP networks, and so on. Here, thecommunications component 1110 can also include a suitable cellulartransceiver 1111 (e.g., a global GSM transceiver) and/or an unlicensedtransceiver 1113 (e.g., Wi-Fi, WiMax) for corresponding signalcommunications. The handset 1100 can be a device such as a cellulartelephone, a PDA with mobile communications capabilities, andmessaging-centric devices. The communications component 1110 alsofacilitates communications reception from terrestrial radio networks(e.g., broadcast), digital satellite radio networks, and Internet-basedradio services networks.

The mobile handset 1100 can include a display 1112 for displaying text,images, video, telephony functions (e.g., a Caller ID function), setupfunctions, and for user input. For example, the display 1112 can also bereferred to as a “screen” that can accommodate the presentation ofmultimedia content (e.g., music metadata, messages, wallpaper, graphics,etc.). The display 1112 can also display videos and can facilitate thegeneration, editing and sharing of video quotes. A serial I/O interface1114 is provided in communication with the processor 1102 to facilitatewired and/or wireless serial communications (e.g., USB, and/or IEEE1394) through a hardwire connection, and other serial input devices(e.g., a keyboard, keypad, and mouse). This supports updating andtroubleshooting the handset 1100, for example. Audio capabilities areprovided with an audio I/O component 1116, which can include a speakerfor the output of audio signals related to, for example, indication thatthe user pressed the proper key or key combination to initiate the userfeedback signal. The audio I/O component 1116 also facilitates the inputof audio signals through a microphone to record data and/or telephonyvoice data, and for inputting voice signals for telephone conversations.

The handset 1100 can include a slot interface 1118 for accommodating aSIC (Subscriber Identity Component) in the form factor of a SubscriberIdentity Module (SIM) card 1120 (or universal SIM card 1120), andinterfacing the SIM card 1120 with the processor 1102. However, it is tobe appreciated that the SIM card 1120 can be manufactured into thehandset 1100, and updated by downloading data and software.

The handset 1100 can process IP data traffic through the communicationscomponent 1110 to accommodate IP traffic from an IP network such as, forexample, the Internet, a corporate intranet, a home network, a personarea network, etc., through an ISP or broadband cable provider. Thus,VoIP traffic can be utilized by the handset 1100 and IP-based multimediacontent can be received in either an encoded or decoded format.

A video processing component 1122 (e.g., a camera) can be provided fordecoding encoded multimedia content. The video processing component 1122can aid in facilitating the generation, editing and sharing of videoquotes. The handset 1100 also includes a power source 1124 in the formof batteries and/or an AC power subsystem, which power source 1124 caninterface to an external power system or charging equipment (not shown)by a power I/O component 1126.

The handset 1100 can also include a video component 1130 for processingvideo content received and, for recording and transmitting videocontent. For example, the video component 1130 can facilitate thegeneration, editing and sharing of video quotes. A location trackingcomponent 1132 facilitates geographically locating the handset 1100. Asdescribed hereinabove, this can occur when the user initiates thefeedback signal automatically or manually. A user input component 1134facilitates the user initiating the quality feedback signal. The userinput component 1134 can also facilitate the generation, editing andsharing of video quotes. The user input component 1134 can include suchconventional input device technologies such as a keypad, keyboard,mouse, stylus pen, and/or touch screen, for example.

Referring again to the applications 1106, a hysteresis component 1136facilitates the analysis and processing of hysteresis data, which isutilized to determine when to associate with the access point. Asoftware trigger component 1138 can be provided that facilitatestriggering of the hysteresis component 1138 when the Wi-Fi transceiver1113 detects the beacon of the access point. A SIP client 1140 enablesthe handset 1100 to support SIP protocols and register the subscriberwith the SIP registrar server. The applications 1106 can also include aclient 1142 that provides at least the capability of discovery, play andstore of multimedia content, for example, music.

The handset 1100, as indicated above related to the communicationscomponent 1110, includes an indoor network radio transceiver 1113 (e.g.,Wi-Fi transceiver 1113). This function supports the indoor radio link,such as IEEE 802.11, for the handset 1100. The handset 1100 canaccommodate at least satellite radio services through a handset that cancombine wireless voice and digital radio chipsets into a single handhelddevice.

Referring now to FIG. 12, there is illustrated a block diagram of acomputer 1200 operable to execute the functions and operations performedin the described example embodiments. For example, a PGW (e.g., SGW 205and PGW 210) can contain components as described in FIG. 12. Thecomputer 1200 can provide networking and communication capabilitiesbetween a wired or wireless communication network and a server and/orcommunication device. In order to provide additional context for variousaspects thereof, FIG. 12 and the following discussion are intended toprovide a brief, general description of a suitable computing environmentin which the various aspects of the embodiments can be implemented tofacilitate the functions and operations described herein. While thedescription above is in the general context of computer-executableinstructions that can run on one or more computers, those skilled in theart will recognize that the embodiments also can be implemented incombination with other program modules and/or as a combination ofhardware and software.

Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, datastructures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particularabstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciatethat the inventive methods can be practiced with other computer systemconfigurations, comprising single-processor or multiprocessor computersystems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, as well as personalcomputers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based orprogrammable consumer electronics, and the like, each of which can beoperatively coupled to one or more associated devices.

The illustrated aspects of the embodiments can also be practiced indistributed computing environments where certain tasks are performed byremote processing devices that are linked through a communicationsnetwork. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can belocated in both local and remote memory storage devices.

Computing devices typically include a variety of media, which caninclude computer-readable storage media or communications media, whichtwo terms are used herein differently from one another as follows.

Computer-readable storage media can be any available storage media thatcan be accessed by the computer and comprises both volatile andnonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example,and not limitation, computer-readable storage media can be implementedin connection with any method or technology for storage of informationsuch as computer-readable instructions, program modules, structureddata, or unstructured data. Computer-readable storage media can include,but are not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memorytechnology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disk (DVD) or other optical diskstorage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage orother magnetic storage devices, or other tangible and/or non-transitorymedia which can be used to store desired information. Computer-readablestorage media can be accessed by one or more local or remote computingdevices, e.g., via access requests, queries or other data retrievalprotocols, for a variety of operations with respect to the informationstored by the medium.

Communications media can embody computer-readable instructions, datastructures, program modules or other structured or unstructured data ina data signal such as a modulated data signal, e.g., a carrier wave orother transport mechanism, and comprises any information delivery ortransport media. The term “modulated data signal” or signals refers to asignal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed insuch a manner as to encode information in one or more signals. By way ofexample, and not limitation, communication media include wired media,such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless mediasuch as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media.

With reference to FIG. 12, implementing various aspects describedherein, devices can include a computer 1200, the computer 1200comprising a processing unit 1204, a system memory 1206 and a system bus1208. The system bus 1208 couples system components comprising thesystem memory 1206 to the processing unit 1204. The processing unit 1204can be any of various commercially available processors. Dualmicroprocessors and other multi-processor architectures can also beemployed as the processing unit 1204.

The system bus 1208 can be any of several types of bus structure thatcan further interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memorycontroller), a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety ofcommercially available bus architectures. The system memory 1206comprises read-only memory (ROM) 1227 and random access memory (RAM)1212. A basic input/output system (BIOS) is stored in a non-volatilememory 1227 such as ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, which BIOS contains the basicroutines that help to transfer information between elements within thecomputer 1200, such as during start-up. The RAM 1212 can also include ahigh-speed RAM such as static RAM for caching data.

The computer 1200 further comprises an internal hard disk drive (HDD)1214 (e.g., EIDE, SATA), which internal hard disk drive 1214 can also beconfigured for external use in a suitable chassis (not shown), amagnetic floppy disk drive (FDD) 1216, (e.g., to read from or write to aremovable diskette 1218) and an optical disk drive 1220, (e.g., readinga CD-ROM disk 1222 or, to read from or write to other high capacityoptical media such as the DVD). The hard disk drive 1214, magnetic diskdrive 1216 and optical disk drive 1220 can be connected to the systembus 1208 by a hard disk drive interface 1224, a magnetic disk driveinterface 1226 and an optical drive interface 1228, respectively. Theinterface 1224 for external drive implementations comprises at least oneor both of Universal Serial Bus (USB) and IEEE 1294 interfacetechnologies. Other external drive connection technologies are withincontemplation of the subject embodiments.

The drives and their associated computer-readable media providenonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executableinstructions, and so forth. For the computer 1200 the drives and mediaaccommodate the storage of any data in a suitable digital format.Although the description of computer-readable media above refers to aHDD, a removable magnetic diskette, and a removable optical media suchas a CD or DVD, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the artthat other types of media which are readable by a computer 1200, such aszip drives, magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, cartridges, and thelike, can also be used in the example operating environment, andfurther, that any such media can contain computer-executableinstructions for performing the methods of the disclosed embodiments.

A number of program modules can be stored in the drives and RAM 1212,comprising an operating system 1230, one or more application programs1232, other program modules 1234 and program data 1236. All or portionsof the operating system, applications, modules, and/or data can also becached in the RAM 1212. It is to be appreciated that the embodiments canbe implemented with various commercially available operating systems orcombinations of operating systems.

A user can enter commands and information into the computer 1200 throughone or more wired/wireless input devices, e.g., a keyboard 1238 and apointing device, such as a mouse 1240. Other input devices (not shown)can include a microphone, an IR remote control, a joystick, a game pad,a stylus pen, touch screen, or the like. These and other input devicesare often connected to the processing unit 1204 through an input deviceinterface 1242 that is coupled to the system bus 1208, but can beconnected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, an IEEE 2394serial port, a game port, a USB port, an IR interface, etc.

A monitor 1244 or other type of display device is also connected to thesystem bus 1208 through an interface, such as a video adapter 1246. Inaddition to the monitor 1244, a computer 1200 typically comprises otherperipheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers, printers, etc.

The computer 1200 can operate in a networked environment using logicalconnections by wired and/or wireless communications to one or moreremote computers, such as a remote computer(s) 1248. The remotecomputer(s) 1248 can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, apersonal computer, portable computer, microprocessor-based entertainmentdevice, a peer device or other common network node, and typicallycomprises many, if not all of, the elements described relative to thecomputer, although, for purposes of brevity, only a memory/storagedevice 1250 is illustrated. The logical connections depicted includewired/wireless connectivity to a local area network (LAN) 1252 and/orlarger networks, e.g., a wide area network (WAN) 1254. Such LAN and WANnetworking environments are commonplace in offices and companies, andfacilitate enterprise-wide computer networks, such as intranets, all ofwhich can connect to a global communications network, e.g., theInternet.

When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 1200 isconnected to the local network 1252 through a wired and/or wirelesscommunication network interface or adapter 1256. The adapter 1256 canfacilitate wired or wireless communication to the LAN 1252, which canalso include a wireless access point disposed thereon for communicatingwith the wireless adapter 1256.

When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 1200 can includea modem 1258, or is connected to a communications server on the WAN1254, or has other means for establishing communications over the WAN1254, such as by way of the Internet. The modem 1258, which can beinternal or external and a wired or wireless device, is connected to thesystem bus 1208 through the input device interface 1242. In a networkedenvironment, program modules depicted relative to the computer, orportions thereof, can be stored in the remote memory/storage device1250. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown areexemplary and other means of establishing a communications link betweenthe computers can be used.

The computer is operable to communicate with any wireless devices orentities operatively disposed in wireless communication, e.g., aprinter, scanner, desktop and/or portable computer, portable dataassistant, communications satellite, any piece of equipment or locationassociated with a wirelessly detectable tag (e.g., a kiosk, news stand,restroom), and telephone. This comprises at least Wi-Fi and Bluetooth™wireless technologies. Thus, the communication can be a predefinedstructure as with a conventional network or simply an ad hoccommunication between at least two devices.

Wi-Fi, or Wireless Fidelity, allows connection to the Internet from acouch at home, a bed in a hotel room, or a conference room at work,without wires. Wi-Fi is a wireless technology similar to that used in acell phone that enables such devices, e.g., computers, to send andreceive data indoors and out; anywhere within the range of a basestation. Wi-Fi networks use radio technologies called IEEE802.11 (a, b,g, n, etc.) to provide secure, reliable, fast wireless connectivity. AWi-Fi network can be used to connect computers to each other, to theInternet, and to wired networks (which use IEEE802.3 or Ethernet). Wi-Finetworks operate in the unlicensed 2.4 and 5 GHz radio bands, at an 11Mbps (802.11b) or 54 Mbps (802.11a) data rate, for example, or withproducts that contain both bands (dual band), so the networks canprovide real-world performance similar to the basic “10BaseT” wiredEthernet networks used in many offices.

As used in this application, the terms “system,” “component,”“interface,” and the like are generally intended to refer to acomputer-related entity or an entity related to an operational machinewith one or more specific functionalities. The entities disclosed hereincan be either hardware, a combination of hardware and software,software, or software in execution. For example, a component can be, butis not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor,an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or acomputer. By way of illustration, both an application running on aserver and the server can be a component. One or more components canreside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component canbe localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or morecomputers. These components also can execute from various computerreadable storage media comprising various data structures storedthereon. The components can communicate via local and/or remoteprocesses such as in accordance with a signal comprising one or moredata packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with anothercomponent in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a networksuch as the Internet with other systems via the signal). As anotherexample, a component can be an apparatus with specific functionalityprovided by mechanical parts operated by electric or electroniccircuitry that is operated by software or firmware application(s)executed by a processor, wherein the processor can be internal orexternal to the apparatus and executes at least a part of the softwareor firmware application. As yet another example, a component can be anapparatus that provides specific functionality through electroniccomponents without mechanical parts, the electronic components cancomprise a processor therein to execute software or firmware thatconfers at least in part the functionality of the electronic components.An interface can comprise input/output (I/O) components as well asassociated processor, application, and/or API components.

Furthermore, the disclosed subject matter can be implemented as amethod, apparatus, or article of manufacture using standard programmingand/or engineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware,or any combination thereof to control a computer to implement thedisclosed subject matter. The term “article of manufacture” as usedherein is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from anycomputer-readable device, computer-readable carrier, orcomputer-readable media. For example, computer-readable media caninclude, but are not limited to, a magnetic storage device, e.g., harddisk; floppy disk; magnetic strip(s); an optical disk (e.g., compactdisk (CD), a digital video disc (DVD), a Blu-ray Disc™ (BD)); a smartcard; a flash memory device (e.g., card, stick, key drive); and/or avirtual device that emulates a storage device and/or any of the abovecomputer-readable media.

As it employed in the subject specification, the term “processor” canrefer to substantially any computing processing unit or devicecomprising single-core processors; single-processors with softwaremultithread execution capability; multi-core processors; multi-coreprocessors with software multithread execution capability; multi-coreprocessors with hardware multithread technology; parallel platforms; andparallel platforms with distributed shared memory. Additionally, aprocessor can refer to an integrated circuit, an application specificintegrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), a fieldprogrammable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic controller (PLC), acomplex programmable logic device (CPLD), a discrete gate or transistorlogic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designedto perform the functions described herein. Processors can exploitnano-scale architectures such as, but not limited to, molecular andquantum-dot based transistors, switches and gates, in order to optimizespace usage or enhance performance of UE. A processor also can beimplemented as a combination of computing processing units.

In the subject specification, terms such as “store,” “data store,” “datastorage,” “database,” “repository,” “queue”, and substantially any otherinformation storage component relevant to operation and functionality ofa component, refer to “memory components,” or entities embodied in a“memory” or components comprising the memory. It will be appreciatedthat the memory components described herein can be either volatilememory or nonvolatile memory, or can comprise both volatile andnonvolatile memory. In addition, memory components or memory elementscan be removable or stationary. Moreover, memory can be internal orexternal to a device or component, or removable or stationary. Memorycan comprise various types of media that are readable by a computer,such as hard-disc drives, zip drives, magnetic cassettes, flash memorycards or other types of memory cards, cartridges, or the like.

By way of illustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory cancomprise read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electricallyprogrammable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flashmemory. Volatile memory can comprise random access memory (RAM), whichacts as external cache memory. By way of illustration and notlimitation, RAM is available in many forms such as synchronous RAM(SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rateSDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), anddirect Rambus RAM (DRRAM). Additionally, the disclosed memory componentsof systems or methods herein are intended to comprise, without beinglimited to comprising, these and any other suitable types of memory.

In particular and in regard to the various functions performed by theabove described components, devices, circuits, systems and the like, theterms (comprising a reference to a “means”) used to describe suchcomponents are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, toany component which performs the specified function of the describedcomponent (e.g., a functional equivalent), even though not structurallyequivalent to the disclosed structure, which performs the function inthe herein illustrated example aspects of the embodiments. In thisregard, it will also be recognized that the embodiments comprises asystem as well as a computer-readable medium comprisingcomputer-executable instructions for performing the acts and/or eventsof the various methods.

Computing devices typically comprise a variety of media, which cancomprise computer-readable storage media and/or communications media,which two terms are used herein differently from one another as follows.Computer-readable storage media can be any available storage media thatcan be accessed by the computer and comprises both volatile andnonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example,and not limitation, computer-readable storage media can be implementedin connection with any method or technology for storage of informationsuch as computer-readable instructions, program modules, structureddata, or unstructured data. Computer-readable storage media cancomprise, but are not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory orother memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disk (DVD) or otheroptical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic diskstorage or other magnetic storage devices, or other tangible and/ornon-transitory media which can be used to store desired information.Computer-readable storage media can be accessed by one or more local orremote computing devices, e.g., via access requests, queries or otherdata retrieval protocols, for a variety of operations with respect tothe information stored by the medium.

On the other hand, communications media typically embodycomputer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules orother structured or unstructured data in a data signal such as amodulated data signal, e.g., a carrier wave or other transportmechanism, and comprises any information delivery or transport media.The term “modulated data signal” or signals refers to a signal that hasone or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as toencode information in one or more signals. By way of example, and notlimitation, communications media comprise wired media, such as a wirednetwork or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic,RF, infrared and other wireless media

Further, terms like “user equipment,” “user device,” “mobile device,”“mobile,” station,” “access terminal,” “terminal,” “handset,” andsimilar terminology, generally refer to a wireless device utilized by asubscriber or user of a wireless communication network or service toreceive or convey data, control, voice, video, sound, gaming, orsubstantially any data-stream or signaling-stream. The foregoing termsare utilized interchangeably in the subject specification and relateddrawings. Likewise, the terms “access point,” “node B,” “base station,”“evolved Node B,” “cell,” “cell site,” and the like, can be utilizedinterchangeably in the subject application, and refer to a wirelessnetwork component or appliance that serves and receives data, control,voice, video, sound, gaming, or substantially any data-stream orsignaling-stream from a set of subscriber stations. Data and signalingstreams can be packetized or frame-based flows. It is noted that in thesubject specification and drawings, context or explicit distinctionprovides differentiation with respect to access points or base stationsthat serve and receive data from a mobile device in an outdoorenvironment, and access points or base stations that operate in aconfined, primarily indoor environment overlaid in an outdoor coveragearea. Data and signaling streams can be packetized or frame-based flows.

Furthermore, the terms “user,” “subscriber,” “customer,” “consumer,” andthe like are employed interchangeably throughout the subjectspecification, unless context warrants particular distinction(s) amongthe terms. It should be appreciated that such terms can refer to humanentities, associated devices, or automated components supported throughartificial intelligence (e.g., a capacity to make inference based oncomplex mathematical formalisms) which can provide simulated vision,sound recognition and so forth. In addition, the terms “wirelessnetwork” and “network” are used interchangeable in the subjectapplication, when context wherein the term is utilized warrantsdistinction for clarity purposes such distinction is made explicit.

Moreover, the word “exemplary,” where used, is used herein to meanserving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect or designdescribed herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed aspreferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. Rather, use ofthe word exemplary is intended to present concepts in a concretefashion. As used in this application, the term “or” is intended to meanan inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or”. That is, unlessspecified otherwise, or clear from context, “X employs A or B” isintended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, ifX employs A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B, then “X employs Aor B” is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances. In addition,the articles “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appendedclaims should generally be construed to mean “one or more” unlessspecified otherwise or clear from context to be directed to a singularform.

In addition, while a particular feature may have been disclosed withrespect to only one of several implementations, such feature can becombined with one or more other features of the other implementations asmay be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application.Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “have”, “having”, “includes”and “including” and variants thereof are used in either the detaileddescription or the claims, these terms are intended to be inclusive in amanner similar to the term “comprising.”

The above descriptions of various embodiments of the subject disclosureand corresponding figures and what is described in the Abstract, aredescribed herein for illustrative purposes, and are not intended to beexhaustive or to limit the disclosed embodiments to the precise formsdisclosed. It is to be understood that one of ordinary skill in the artcan recognize that other embodiments comprising modifications,permutations, combinations, and additions can be implemented forperforming the same, similar, alternative, or substitute functions ofthe disclosed subject matter, and are therefore considered within thescope of this disclosure. Therefore, the disclosed subject matter shouldnot be limited to any single embodiment described herein, but rathershould be construed in breadth and scope in accordance with the claimsbelow.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: determining, by a devicecomprising a processor, whether a mobile country code stored on thedevice is applicable to voice calls made from the device, wherein: anapplicability of the mobile country code is based on a location of thedevice, and the mobile country code relates to a country that forbidsencryption of the voice calls transmitted via a mobile network; inresponse to a determination of a match of a first mobile code comprisingthe mobile country code and a second mobile code received from themobile network, activating, by the device, the Wi-Fi calling module ofthe device to connect to the evolved packet data gateway, wherein thematch is indicative of an absence of a roaming agreement that allowsvoice over long term evolution network calls, and further indicative ofa lack of a provisioning of roaming connections using a cellularconnection adhering to a third-generation wireless protocol; receiving,by the device, an input of a dialed number associated with a call to beplaced from the device; determining, by the device, whether the dialednumber relates to an emergency call; in response to the dialed numberbeing determined not to relate the emergency call, initiating, by thedevice, the call via the Wi-Fi calling module; and transmitting, by thedevice, a voice over internet protocol packet related to the call via acellular data connection established with the mobile network.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the location of the device is based on acountry identifier broadcasted by the mobile network.
 3. The method ofclaim 2, wherein the second mobile code comprises the countryidentifier.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmitting the voiceover internet protocol packet via the cellular data connection furthercomprises transmitting the voice over internet protocol packet via aserving gateway device of the mobile network.
 5. The method of claim 4,wherein the serving gateway device routes the voice over internetprotocol packet to a packet data network gateway device of the mobilenetwork.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the packet data networkgateway device routes the voice over internet protocol packet to theevolved packet data gateway device.
 7. The method of claim 6, whereinthe evolved packet data gateway device routes the voice over internetprotocol packet to an internet protocol multimedia subsystem corenetwork device of the mobile network.
 8. The method of claim 1, whereinthe voice over internet protocol packet is encrypted according to aninternet protocol security standard.
 9. The method of claim 1, whereinthe voice calls comprise voice over long term evolution calls and themobile network comprises a long term evolution mobile network.
 10. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the first mobile code comprising the mobilecountry code is stored on a repository of the device, and wherein thesecond mobile code is broadcasted from the mobile network.
 11. A device,comprising: a processor; and a memory that stores executableinstructions that, when executed by the processor, facilitateperformance of operations, comprising: determining whether a firstmobile code stored on the device matches a second mobile code receivedfrom a mobile network to which the device is connected, in response tothe determining indicating that the first mobile code and the secondmobile code area match, wherein the match of the first mobile code andthe second mobile code is indicative of an absence of a roamingagreement that allows voice over long term evolution network calls, andfurther indicative of a lack of a provision of roaming connections usinga third-generation cellular connection, activating a Wi-Fi callingmodule on the device to connect to an evolved packet data gateway devicein the mobile network that is used for routing voice over internetprotocol packets, receiving an input of a dialed number associated witha call to be placed from the device, in response to the dialed numberbeing determined not to relate to an emergency call, initiating the callvia the Wi-Fi calling module, and transmitting a voice over internetprotocol packet related to the call via a cellular data connection tothe evolved packet data gateway device.
 12. The device of claim 11,wherein the match of the first mobile code and the second mobile code isindicative of the device being in a country that forbids encryption ofvoice calls transmitted via the mobile network.
 13. The device of claim11, wherein the voice over internet protocol packet is encryptedaccording to an internet protocol security standard.
 14. The device ofclaim 11, wherein the first mobile code comprises a mobile network codestored on the device, and wherein the second mobile code comprises abroadcasted mobile network code that is broadcasted from the mobilenetwork.
 15. A non-transitory machine-readable storage medium,comprising executable instructions that, when executed by a devicecomprising a processor, facilitate performance of operations,comprising: based on a determination that a mobile country code storedin the device is applicable to voice calls made from the device via amobile network, activating a Wi-Fi calling module of the device toconnect to an internet protocol multimedia subsystem core device via anevolved packet data gateway device; in response to a first mobile codematching a second mobile code received from the mobile network,activating a Wi-Fi calling module on the device to connect to an evolvedpacket data gateway device in the mobile network that is used forrouting voice over internet protocol packets, wherein the first mobilecode matching the second mobile code is indicative of an absence of aroaming agreement that allows voice over long term evolution networkcalls, and further indicative of a lack of a provision of roamingconnections using a cellular connection implemented according to athird-generation wireless network protocol; receiving an input of adialed number associated with a call to be placed from the device; inresponse to determining that the dialed number does not relate to anemergency call, initiating the call using the Wi-Fi calling module; andtransmitting a voice over internet protocol packet related to the callvia a cellular data connection established with the mobile network. 16.The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 15, whereinthe determination that the mobile country code is applicable to thevoice calls made from the device is indicative of the device being in acountry that forbids encryption of the voice calls transmitted via themobile network.
 17. The non-transitory machine-readable storage mediumof claim 15, wherein the mobile country code is stored in a repositorycomprising mobile country codes associated with countries in whichencryption of the voice calls is against a law of the countries.
 18. Thenon-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein thedetermination that the mobile country code is applicable is based on amatch of the mobile country code with a broadcasted country indicatorassociated with the mobile network.
 19. The non-transitorymachine-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the cellular dataconnection comprises a long term evolution connection, and wherein themobile network comprises a long term evolution network.
 20. Thenon-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein thevoice over internet protocol packet is encrypted in accordance with aninternet protocol security standard.